{{outline}} {{b_secret //{{layout rollout,title:メモ {{memo}} //}} }} {{layout rollout,title:■他の年度 {{include 神戸大学,年度別}} }} !!!解説 !!1 Many American middle and high school students stumble into classroom before the sun has fully come up. 出典: http://www.apa.org/monitor/2016/02/sleep-deprived.aspx {{b_secret {{layout rollout,title:■ FEATURE Young and sleep deprived Psychologists’ research supports later school start times for teens’ mental health. By Karen Weintraub February 2016, Vol 47, No. 2 Print version: page 46 Psychologists’ research supports later school start times for teens’ mental health. Many American teenagers stumble into classrooms before the sun has crested the horizon. Some have forgotten their homework, will fall asleep in class and act as beastly to their friends as to their parents. Most of these teens just aren't sleeping enough. A National Sleep Foundation panel concluded last year that adolescents need eight to 10 hours of sleep a night, yet nearly two-thirds of 17-year-olds report sleeping less than seven hours a night, according to a policy statement from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) in 2014. The potential consequences are huge. Per the report, which was published in Pediatrics, adolescents who get less sleep than they need are at higher risk for depression, suicide, substance abuse and car crashes. They don't perform as well in school. Evidence also links short sleep duration with obesity and a weakened immune system. One way to help, according to an August 2015 report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, would be to roll back middle and high school start times to 8:30 a.m. or later, per AAP recommendations. Yet fewer than one in five American middle and high schools begin their days then. The average start time across the U.S. is 8:03 a.m. In some states, 75 percent to 100 percent of schools start before 8:30. A growing number of psychologists, among other professionals, have felt so strongly about the data that they've started leading efforts to push back middle and high school start times. They want teens to be able to roll out of bed closer to their natural wake-up time of 8 a.m. "We are robbing adolescents of sleep," said Lisa J. Meltzer, PhD, a sleep researcher and clinician in the department of pediatrics at National Jewish Health in Denver, who lobbies for later start times. "We are requiring them to wake up at a time when their brain would otherwise be asleep. … I don't think we're giving adolescents the opportunity to be the best they can be." Morning in America Mary A. Carskadon, PhD, a professor of psychiatry and human behavior at Brown University, was the first to show that as kids go through puberty, their circadian rhythms change, making it easier for them to stay up later. In contrast with children, whose circadian rhythms push them to fall asleep early- to mid-evening, adolescents' sleep drive doesn't kick in until later in the evening. Paul Kelley, PhD, who researches sleep and circadian rhythms at the University of Oxford, and colleagues wrote that schools shouldn't start until after 10 a.m. to fully accommodate what research says may be shifts of up to three hours in adolescent sleep patterns (Learning, Media, and Technology, 2015). Those shifts are "not understood by most educators," the review said. A common misbelief is that adolescents are tired, irritable or uncooperative "because they choose to stay up too late, or are difficult to wake in the morning because they are lazy." Carskadon says one study really changed her own mind about school start times. She was following students who went from ninth grade in a late-start middle school to 10th grade in an early-start high school. She'd assumed that exposure to early morning light would allow them to quickly adjust to the earlier start time. But they didn't. In tests at 8:30 a.m., she'd turn off the lights and the students wouldn't be able to stay awake for more than three minutes. "It was like they developed narcolepsy," she says. "And they'd go right into REM [rapid eye-movement] sleep, which is not what you'd do if you're healthy and on the right schedule and not suffering from narcolepsy." She says it's also been striking to see how much student mood improves with later start times. "Everybody was happier" before the shift, Carskadon says, including teachers. "Teachers have to work really, really hard at 7:30 in the morning with teenagers — they're not in the moment." She says she started off as an objective researcher, keeping her distance from policy decisions. But at a certain point, she decided the data were too conclusive to ignore. "Now, in the last decade, I've been going to school committees if they call." Zoned out in class To get to high school by the time her first class starts at 7:35 a.m., sophomore Hannah Bruce of Sherborn, Massachusetts, has to set her alarm for 6 a.m. "although snooze happens quite a lot." Her bus comes at 7. Her swim practice ends at 10 p.m. — a complex yet common problem for teens who do extracurricular activities in the evening. Even if she's already finished her homework, she says it's nearly impossible to wind down enough to fall asleep before 11. Bruce, 16, admits she struggles to pay attention in class, and has nodded off more than once. Studies have shown a tight link between school performance and sleep. For one, sleep deficiency increases the risk of attention problems, says Charles Czeisler, MD, PhD, who directs the Division of Sleep Medicine at Harvard Medical School and chairs the board of the National Sleep Foundation. Though it's not a panacea for the academic and other demands facing teens, moving start times appears to help them perform better. When a Jackson Hole, Wyoming, high school pushed its start time back from 7:35 to 8:55, students' grades in their first-period classes improved significantly, according to a 2014 report by Kyla L. Wahlstrom, PhD, a leading researcher who directs the Center for Applied Research and Educational Improvement in the College of Education and Human Development at the University of Minnesota. The study, which reviewed 9,000 students in three states, also found that delaying start times led to a significant drop in tardiness and absences. Critics — including some parents and teachers' unions — say that later start times will mean kids will simply go to bed later, but research doesn't bear out that concern. Pushing back school start times by 75 minutes yields as much as 50 minutes more sleep for the average middle schooler, according to a study of 205 students by psychologist Amy R. Wolfson, PhD, in Behavioral Sleep Medicine (2007), and — depending on the study and the amount of delay — 15 to 45 minutes extra sleep for the average high schooler. In schools that start at 8:30 or later, 60 percent of students sleep at least eight hours on school nights, the University of Minnesota review found. That added sleep can have profound benefits. In Jackson Hole, teen car crashes fell by 70 percent after the shift in start times. "Plus, the data show a clear trend: The later the start, the more the positive outcomes emerge," says Wahlstrom. "Even though it is difficult for the school community to make the change to a later high school start time, the emerging benefits for the well-being and the academic gains for teenagers make the decision to do so very compelling." According to the advocacy group Start School Later, hundreds of schools in the U.S. have shifted start times thanks to sleep research. A number of legislators have introduced related bills, including Rep. Zoe Lofgren (D-Calif.) whose ZZZ's to A's Act asks the secretary of education to conduct a comprehensive review of sleep times and health and issue a formal recommendation. But shifting school start times is complicated. For example, while research from Matthew Milewski, MD, of Connecticut Children's Medical Center, and colleagues shows that a chronic lack of sleep is associated with a greater risk of injuries for school athletes (Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, 2014), some coaches argue that later start times push practices into the afternoon dark, when it's impossible to see balls. Installing field lights would cost millions. Hannah Bruce says that many parents in her high-achieving district don't want a later start time because it would cut down on the time their children have to participate in afternoon enrichment activities, clubs and sports. Some teachers' unions have objected, too, including one in Montgomery County, Maryland. In a recent survey, some teachers argued that the proposed half-hour shift wouldn't be enough to make a difference in kids' sleep. Others said they didn't want their schedules disrupted, or worried about extra costs and commute times. Another concern is bus schedules: Many districts have just one fleet of buses to get both high school and elementary school students to school, so if high school students start later, how will that affect elementary school children? Montgomery County moved its high school starting time back 20 minutes, and while parents of teenagers generally welcomed the change, some of those with younger children, many of whom now begin school at 9:25, complained of issues finding child care to fill the new early-morning gap. For the 2014 school year, Falls Church, Virginia, moved the start of its middle school from 7:30 a.m. to 8:10 a.m. Superintendent Toni Jones said parents had pushed for the switch based on the research and the trouble they had getting their young teens to school so early. She couldn't move the start time back any later because of busing issues — buses have to be finished with their routes before the D.C. rush-hour begins, or they will be stuck in gridlock for hours, she says. A few teachers opposed the switch at first because of scheduling conflicts with their own kids, but the district saw no organized opposition, and parents and students were happy with the change, Jones says. And more school systems are embracing later start times. In November, Seattle Public Schools voted to delay high school starting times to 8:45 a.m. Seattle is so far the largest school system to make the change. Time for action Psychologist Beth Hall, PhD, EdD, of Westborough, Massachusetts, is among the growing number of psychologists advocating for later start times. She drops her daughter off at high school at 6:30 on band practice mornings, and says she's constantly reminded of the downside of such early start times. "Look at them. They're exhausted," says Hall, pointing to high schoolers. "Adults know how it feels to be really sleep deprived and we're asking kids day in and day out to do this." Hall routinely asks her clients about their sleep habits, and often has them keep a sleep log. She also involves parents, encouraging them to be good role models for their children by developing healthy sleep habits themselves. Of course, school start times aren't the only reason kids are sleep-deprived. Teens bear some responsibility for their sleep habits. They don't want to hear Mom and Dad telling them to go to bed anymore. They don't want to disconnect from friends on social media — and research by Mariana Figueiro, PhD, of the Lighting Research Center at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute has found that the blue light used in cellphones, laptops and tablets counters the body's melatonin signals and can make it harder to fall asleep, especially for adolescents (Lighting Research and Technology, 2015). "I think improvements could be made," Hannah Bruce admits about her own sleep schedule. Parents also have a role to play in setting bedtimes and other limits. In families where parents don't enforce a typical bedtime of about 10 p.m., researchers found that their high schoolers have an increased risk of depression and suicidal thinking (Sleep, 2010). Another major factor in adolescent sleep deprivation is the stress parents and society put on teens to get good grades, play sports, volunteer, get jobs, get into college and more. "Something has to give," Meltzer says, "and usually, it's sleep." There is one consolation for teenagers: Life is likely to get better soon. Once adolescents reach their late teens, their need for sleep declines a bit, according to the National Sleep Foundation's recommendations, and they start getting a little more shut-eye. As many as 40 percent of 19-year-olds sleep more than seven hours a night, the new Pediatrics study found. Karen Weintraub is a journalist in Cambridge, Massachusett }} }} !!2 Scientific research usually begins with a question about a group of individuals. {{youtube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSck56jjKXM&feature=youtu.be}} !!3 One of the unusual things a visitor might experience during a trip to England comes when riding the London Undergraound. {{youtube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UkVt4wimjRI&feature=youtu.be}} !!!参考 {{b_secret {{attach}} }} !!!掲示板 {{bbs2 サポート掲示板,20}} ---- {{b_secret {{category 神戸大学}} }} {{counter your2und}}