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次の英文を読み、下線部(a),(b)を和訳せよ。
(a)For planets to grow in size from their humble beginnings, they must be continually bombarded by smaller bodies for tens to hundreds of millions of years. This process still happens today: not only do these small bodies continue to strike the Earth, with effects ranging from spectacular fireballs to mass extinctions, but they continue to bump into each other as well. In the past these bumps were relatively gentle, which allowed the first protoplanets to form. (b)But as giant planets such as Jupiter came into existence, the gravitational fields they generated stirred up the smaller bodies. This energy increase made them more likely, if they collided, to break apart than grow, with the result that only the largest protoplanets survived to form planets while the rest were ground down to small fragments.
――大阪外国語大学 前期日程（２月25日実施）――2003年
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