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A gesture is any action that sends a visual signal to an onlooker. To become a gesture, an act has to be seen by someone else and has to communicate some piece of information. It can do this either because the gesturer deliberately sets out to send a signal --- as when he waves his hand --- or it can do it only incidentally --- as when he sneezes. The hand-wave is a Primary Gesture, because it has no other existence or function. It is a piece of communication from start to finish. The sneeze, by contrast, is a secondary, or Incidental Gesture. Its primary function is mechanical and is concerned with the sneezer's personal breathing problem. (a)In its secondary role, however, it cannot help but transmit a message to his companions, warning them that he may have caught a cold.
Most people tend to limit their use of the term 'gesture' to the4 primary form --- the hand-wave type --- but this misses an important point. (b)What matters with gesturing is not what signals we think we are sending out, but what signals are being received. The observers of our acts will make no distinction between our intentional Primary Gestures and our unintentional, incidental ones. In some ways, our Incidental Gestures are the most illuminating of the two, if only for the very fact that we do not think of the as gestures, and therefore do not censor and manipulate them so strictly. This is why it is preferable to use the term 'gesture' in its wider meaning as an 'observed action'.
A convenient way to distinguish between Incidental and Primary Gestures is to ask the question: Would I do it if I were completely alone? If the answer is No, then it is a Primary Gesture. We do not wave, wink, or point when we are by ourselves; not, that is, unless we have reached the unusual condition of talking animatedly to ourselves.
[注] onlooker: 見物人、傍観者 sneeze: くしゃみをする illuminating: 啓発的な、啓蒙的な censor: 検閲する manipulate: 操作する animatedly: 活気に満ちた
[設問]
(1) ある行為が身振りと解釈されるために必要なことを２つ挙げなさい。
(2) 1.一次的な身振りとはどのような身振りであるか、例をあげて説明しなさい。
2.それが「一次的」と言われる理由を述べなさい。
(3) 下線部(a),(b)を訳しなさい。
(4) 一次的な身振りと二次的な身振りを区別する方法を述べなさい。
――福岡大学 前期日程 （２月25日実施）――2005年
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- 06/7/1(土) -
